In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Background and Aim: Studying scientific outputs by using scientific indices is a useful tool for understanding scientific research. The purpose of this study was to visualize the international research outputs of the SMA subject Area. Materials & Methods: This study is an applied one with an analytical approach and using scientometric indices. The population present in this study includes 4217 Web Of Science database records all in the SMA area from 1946 until the end of 2018. The MeSH was used to identify keywords and Ravar PreMap software for words’ homogenization, VOSviewer, HistCite, and Excel used also. Results: Ninety-one countries involved in scientific production outputs of this subject area, were among the most influential countries in scientific collaboration. The USA has most of its collaborations with other countries. Of the 946 essential journals identified, "Human Molecular Genetics" has got the highest number of citations. The articles in the SMA Subject Area have a total of 6097 keywords, and the “ Spinal Muscular Atrophy” has got the highest frequency and the core subject among the nine influential countries. The total number of articles in this area was 8505. Worthy of mentioning, Iran with 0/58% of the total scientific output ranked nine on the list. Conclusion: The upward trend of SMA scientific research trend indicates the increasing importance of this area in the world. Due to the the international growth of research in this area and the importance of the participation of international research, researchers in our country should pay more attention to scientific cooperation.

Purpose: The rate of performed work by most muscles is rarely constant with time. Because of rapid time-course changes, it has been necessary to calculate muscle power as a function of time. The aim of the present study was to assess the differences in Hamstring and Quadriceps muscular work and power in elite karate athletes before and after fatigue in order to identify injury risk factors. Methods: Fourteen female elite karate athletes (15. 5± 1. 3 years) were evaluated using isokinetic dynamometer at 60◦ /s, 180◦ /s and 300◦ /s before and after Hamstring and Quadriceps muscular fatigue. Results: No differences were found in Hamstring and Quadriceps muscular power before and after fatigue at the 180◦ /s speed (p>0. 05). At 180◦ /s speed, the Hamstring presented no differences in muscular work after fatigue muscular test (p<0. 05). At the 60 and 300◦ /s speeds, Hamstring and Quadriceps muscular power presented a lower power after fatigue test (p=0. 04). Conclusion: Based on the present results, fatigue does not have a significant effect on power and the work done by karate athletes' muscles around knee joint at medium speed however, generally, fatigue probably causes imbalance in mechanical power and work done by hamstring and quadriceps at other angular joint speeds that increases the probability of knee joint injury.

Background: Warmup is a main section of each training program and is necessary for better performance and decrease chance of sport injuries. Many warmup methods used with athletes and their effects are challenge full. Squash players use different warmup methods like other athletes. Muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility are important factors for performance of squash players. On the other hand, there are conflict in previous researches about the effect of different warmup methods on performance. Thus the propose of this study was evaluating the effect of static stretch, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and whole body vibration on muscular power, anaerobic power and flexibility of squash players. Methods: Nine squash players randomly assigned in three groups and took three warmup methods on three weeks. Wash out period was one week. After each session, all variables were measured. One way ANOVA was used to detect differences between groups. Results: We couldn’t find any significant differences between groups in vertical jump, sit and reach and mean power tests. Conclusion: It seems that there is not difference between the effect of whole body vibration, static stretch and PNF on our variables.

Introduction: Stroke is one of the most important neurological diseases that annually causes death and long-term disability in patients in the world. The incidence of motor impairment in the upper extremity and hand as a result of stroke as compared to the lower extremity are more prevalent and less recovery. This pilot study was performed to Investigate of upper extremity and hand muscular power in patients with stroke.Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study, 36 patients with stroke were investigated, in internal medicine ward of Kowsar hospital in Semnan. Sampling method was easy, available, and purposeful. In the study, the section of upper extremity and hand assessment of Fugl-Meyer scale were used to measure the upper extremity motor function and also hand dynamometer were used to measure hand muscular power.Results: In this study, the mean score of affected upper extremity motor function in stroke patients was 8.2±8.73, mean score of affected hand motor function was 5.3±5.6, and mean of affected hand muscular power was 2.64±3.8. No significant relationship between demographic variables and affected upper extremity, hand motor function score and affected hand grip power of subjects were observed.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that upper extremity motor function and hand muscular power in patients with stroke was reduced considerably. Due to the high prevalence of this motor impairment after stroke and its consequences, health care personnel should design appropriate care and rehabilitation programs to more control these damages.

Dear Editor-in-Chief The percentage of Korean college students who participate in some form of physical activity three times a week is only 28. 4%. Adults over the age of 20 yr are the only group that participates in regular exercise on a less frequent basis (22. 8%) than Korean college students (1). Due to time constraints related to their studies and job searches, the amount of time that these students have for physical activity is estimated to be about 18 min per week (2). ...

Background and Aim: Dehydration due to exercise and heat is a regular issue among athletes that can affect an athlete' s performance and even health. This study aimed to identify the effects of different hydration intensity on some of physiological and physical functions in active women.Materials and Methods: Ten healthy active women with an average age: 26.6±6.24 years, Height: 163.5 ± 20.20 cm, weight 54.6 ± 89.59 kg and BMI 20.59 ± 2.45 kg/m2 voluntarily participated in three separate days atdifferent intensity euhydration, mild and moderate dehydration. Dehydration situation provided by exercise, heat stress and water consumption. Anaerobic power, upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance were measured in three conditions. To analyse the data the repeated measure variance were used and the significance level was considered at p<0.05.Results: At mild and moderate dehydration situations significant reduction were observed as compare to euhydration situation including; in anaerobic power 7.37 percent and 11.94 percent, upper body muscular Endurance 3.4 percent and 17.44 percent, lower body muscular endurance 2.66 percent and 5.75 percent, lower body muscular strength 4 percent and 11 percent respectively. Upper body muscular strength in moderate dehydration as compared to euhydration situation also 8.62 percent decreased.Conclusions: It seems that some physical factors such as anaerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, also in mild intensities may be significantly reduced by dehydration.

The purpose of this investigation was to determinate the effects of short term of creatine supplementation on muscular performance, power and work in college female athletes. Sixteen college athletes volunteers randomly assigned to two groups of creatine (Cr, n=8) and placebo (P, n=8) with no significant mean at pretest measures. After familiarization with testing procedures, pretrial measures of muscle function (5 repetitions 60 deg .S-1 and 50 repetitions 180 deg .S-1) were conducted during maximal voluntary concentric contraction of the preferred quadriceps muscle using an isokinetic dynamometer. Fat free mass, fat mass and thigh circumference were measured before and after 6 days. Cr group ingested 5 g of creatine monohydrate in a flavored sucrose drink four times per day for 6 day. Placebo group ingested a starched, sucrose drink. Results showed peak torque in knee flexors muscle (60 deg .S-1 and 180 deg .S-1), time to peak torque in extensors muscle (180 deg .S-1), number of repetition in peak troque in knee flexors muscle (60 deg .S-1 and 180 deg .s-1) average power and total work in flexors and extensors muscle (60 deg .S-1) increased in Cr group compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). Body mass, lean tissue mass, percent body fat and thigh circumference did not change for three groups between trials. We conclude that creatine monohydrate improves muscle performance in women without significant gains in fat free mass.